The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans: · Huge trading coast was established from Middle East & Africa to the coasts of the Asian continent · Asian sea trading network – broken down into 3 main zones; è West = Arab, glass, carpets, & tapestries è Central = India, cotton textiles è East = China, paper, porcelain & silk textiles · Japan, east Africa were mainly raw materials - metals, foods, & forest products · Highest $$$ paid for spices coming from Ceylon & islands of Indonesia · Seas & oceans were dangerous for trading b/c of natural disasters, so much trading was along the coast and coastal sailing · Arabs & Chinese could go across oceans, b/c they had compasses and large well, built ships, but preferred coastal routes · No central control for trading; military absent from trading; · Trades were largely peaceful b/c they all wanted something from one another; vessels were armed w/ some weapons to protect against pirates
Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut: · Portuguese did not have much to offer besides silver & gold; Also did not want to abide by informal rules of trading & a nation’s value was on what they had, so the Portuguese took what they could by force (from Asia) · Portuguese thought they could take by force, b/c nobody would mess with their superior ships & weaponry, even though they lacked numbers · Asian competitors couldn’t put armies together & cooperate, so the Portuguese took advantage of that and defeated the Asians, Indians, & Egyptians; Port, never had to worry about the Asians again
· Started to build fortresses to gain what they wanted, so they can stay in power too (spices mainly)
· Took over Ormuz in 1507; 1510 captured Goa; next year stormed into Malacca à served as naval bases for Port. (or factories) became key points for Port. Trading empire fueled by Port. Kings
· Port. Goal was to create a monopoly over the trading network and make it their own
Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires:
· Portuguese monopoly over the spice trade soon came to a standstill by end of 16th Cen.
· Port. was nothing compared to Dutch & English, esp. Dutch b/c they took over the Port. ships & forts
· English fought hard for Spice islands, but were defeated & settled from India
· Dutch trading empire – factories, forts, warships on patrol, & monopoly control over many products (just like Portuguese)
· Had better ships and approached monopoly by a system
· The demand for spices declined, so Dutch started to depend on fees they charged for transporting goods & profits gained from buying Asian goods
· English adopted same technique, but in and along India
Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia:
· Europeans started to force their way into A.T.N. in 16th & 17th century
· As they moved toward land and away from sea, the Asians put the Europeans back in their place, since they Europeans weren’t so good on land, as sea
· Dutch started to expand from spices to coffee in Java
· Conquest of Luzon was b/c the inhabitants lived in small states, making it easy for the Spanish to rule over them; the conquer of Mindanao was a fail (Muslim resistance against Christianity)
· Europeans let the people they conquered live in peace, as long as the leaders paid up
Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia:
· Dutch & English weren’t much interested in converting the people over to Christianity, but it was frustrating that many had already taken Islam as their religion & also Hindu
· Jesuit Frances Xavier, a minister, was ready to start converting many low class Indians; Had trouble converting upper classes, b/c the missionaries came in contact with untouchables
· Italian Jesuit, Robert di Nobili, created a plan to learn the ways of the Hindus to then become close w/ them and convert them, but then soon realized it was impossible b/c they wouldn’t bother with any meat eaters or anybody that did not understand Hindu sacred texts
· di Nobili was blindsided by other missionaries, saying he was the one who converted to being a Hindu, and was immediately called back by the Pope & could not complete mission
· Greatest success of conversion was in Philippines, b/c were not exposed to other religions
· Filipinos did convert over, but still put their own flair on the religion
· Filipinos stuck to their traditions, no matter how hard the Europeans tried to stop them
The Asian Trading World and the Coming of the Europeans:
· Huge trading coast was established from Middle East & Africa to the coasts of the Asian continent
· Asian sea trading network – broken down into 3 main zones;
è West = Arab, glass, carpets, & tapestries
è Central = India, cotton textiles
è East = China, paper, porcelain & silk textiles
· Japan, east Africa were mainly raw materials - metals, foods, & forest products
· Highest $$$ paid for spices coming from Ceylon & islands of Indonesia
· Seas & oceans were dangerous for trading b/c of natural disasters, so much trading was along the coast and coastal sailing
· Arabs & Chinese could go across oceans, b/c they had compasses and large well, built ships, but preferred coastal routes
· No central control for trading; military absent from trading;
· Trades were largely peaceful b/c they all wanted something from one another; vessels were armed w/ some weapons to protect against pirates
Trading Empire: The Portuguese Response to the Encounter at Calicut:
· Portuguese did not have much to offer besides silver & gold; Also did not want to abide by informal rules of trading & a nation’s value was on what they had, so the Portuguese took what they could by force (from Asia)
· Portuguese thought they could take by force, b/c nobody would mess with their superior ships & weaponry, even though they lacked numbers
· Asian competitors couldn’t put armies together & cooperate, so the Portuguese took advantage of that and defeated the Asians, Indians, & Egyptians; Port, never had to worry about the Asians again
· Started to build fortresses to gain what they wanted, so they can stay in power too (spices mainly)
· Took over Ormuz in 1507; 1510 captured Goa; next year stormed into Malacca à served as naval bases for Port. (or factories) became key points for Port. Trading empire fueled by Port. Kings
· Port. Goal was to create a monopoly over the trading network and make it their own
Portuguese Vulnerability and the Rise of the Dutch and English Trading Empires:
· Portuguese monopoly over the spice trade soon came to a standstill by end of 16th Cen.
· Port. was nothing compared to Dutch & English, esp. Dutch b/c they took over the Port. ships & forts
· English fought hard for Spice islands, but were defeated & settled from India
· Dutch trading empire – factories, forts, warships on patrol, & monopoly control over many products (just like Portuguese)
· Had better ships and approached monopoly by a system
· The demand for spices declined, so Dutch started to depend on fees they charged for transporting goods & profits gained from buying Asian goods
· English adopted same technique, but in and along India
Going Ashore: European Tribute Systems in Asia:
· Europeans started to force their way into A.T.N. in 16th & 17th century
· As they moved toward land and away from sea, the Asians put the Europeans back in their place, since they Europeans weren’t so good on land, as sea
· Dutch started to expand from spices to coffee in Java
· Conquest of Luzon was b/c the inhabitants lived in small states, making it easy for the Spanish to rule over them; the conquer of Mindanao was a fail (Muslim resistance against Christianity)
· Europeans let the people they conquered live in peace, as long as the leaders paid up
Spreading the Faith: The Missionary Enterprise in South and Southeast Asia:
· Dutch & English weren’t much interested in converting the people over to Christianity, but it was frustrating that many had already taken Islam as their religion & also Hindu
· Jesuit Frances Xavier, a minister, was ready to start converting many low class Indians; Had trouble converting upper classes, b/c the missionaries came in contact with untouchables
· Italian Jesuit, Robert di Nobili, created a plan to learn the ways of the Hindus to then become close w/ them and convert them, but then soon realized it was impossible b/c they wouldn’t bother with any meat eaters or anybody that did not understand Hindu sacred texts
· di Nobili was blindsided by other missionaries, saying he was the one who converted to being a Hindu, and was immediately called back by the Pope & could not complete mission
· Greatest success of conversion was in Philippines, b/c were not exposed to other religions
· Filipinos did convert over, but still put their own flair on the religion
· Filipinos stuck to their traditions, no matter how hard the Europeans tried to stop them